martes, septiembre 04, 2007

ECUADOR: Vuélvase ecologista y ahorre dinero

¿Se han desorbitado sus ojos en últimas fechas al abrir su recibo por el suministro de electricidad? ¿Vive usted, como yo, en uno de esos estados de Estados Unidos en los que la electricidad ya pasó por la desregulación y el Estado ya no supervisa el precio de generación, así que sus tarifas de servicios públicos se han disparado desde el 2002?

De ser así, usted necesita escuchar una propuesta de Jim Rogers, el presidente y director ejecutivo de Duke Energy, que en fecha reciente fue presentada ante la Comisión de Empresas de Servicio Público de Carolina del Norte.

Se la conoce como “
ahorre-un-vatio”, y consiste en darle un giro de 180 grados a la industria de la electricidad y las empresas de servicios públicos recompensando a las empresas por los kilovatios que le ahorran a sus clientes al mejorar su eficiencia energética, en vez de recompensarlas por los kilovatios que les venden a los clientes mediante la construcción de más plantas de generación de energía.

La propuesta de Rogers se fundamenta en tres principios simples. El primero es que la forma más barata de generar energía limpia y exenta de emisiones consiste en mejorar la eficiencia de la energía. Esto es, según sus propias palabras, “la planta de energía que mayor sentido tiene en cuanto al ambiente, la más barata y confiable, es la que no tenemos que construir porque hemos ayudado a nuestros clientes a que ahorren energía”.

En segundo, necesitamos hacer de la eficiencia energética algo que esté tan “presente en el fondo de la mente” como el uso de energía. Si la eficiencia en el uso de energía depende de que la gente recuerde hacer 20 cosas, eso no va a ocurrir en grandes números.

En tercer lugar, las únicas instituciones que tienen la infraestructura, el capital y la cantidad de clientes suficiente para permitirle a muchísima gente a que se vuelva eficiente en el uso de energía, son las empresas de servicio público, así que son las que necesitan recibir incentivos para efectuar grandes inversiones en eficiencia, a la cual pueda tener acceso cada cliente.

El único problema es que, históricamente, dichas empresas ganaron su dinero efectuando inversiones de gran magnitud en nuevas plantas de energía, ya sea de carbón, gas o nucleares. Cada vez que una empresa de servicio público podía demostrar que existía demanda para una nueva planta, lograba pasarle el costo al Estado y a sus clientes. El concepto de ahorre-un-vatio que Rogers propone apunta a cambiar todo eso.

“La forma en que debería funcionar es que la empresa de servicios invierta el dinero y corra el riesgo de volver a sus clientes tan eficientes como sea posible”, explicó. Eso incluiría la instalación de servicios en los hogares que permitan a la empresa que presta el servicio ajustar sus aparatos de aire acondicionado o refrigeradoras en los periodos cuando más se usan los electrodomésticos. Además, incluiría planes para incentivar a los contratistas para que construyan hogares más eficientes, con calentadores y aparatos electrodomésticos más eficientes. Es más podría incluir alianzas con fábricas para que compren equipos más eficientes en el uso de energía o con una familia para pertrechar su casa para el invierno.

“La eficiencia energética es el quinto combustible, después del carbón, gas, energías renovables y nuclear”, dijo Rogers. “Hoy día, es la alternativa de costo más bajo y carece de emisiones. Debería ser nuestra principal opción para cubrir nuestra creciente demanda de electricidad, así como para resolver el desafío climático”.

Debido a que la eficiencia energética es, en efecto, un recurso, “se la debería manejar como un costo de producción en la esfera normativa”. La empresa de servicios obtendría sus ingresos con base en los vatios reales que ahorre a través de innovaciones de eficiencia.

Al final del año, un organismo independiente determinaría cuántos vatios de energía ha ahorrado la empresa a lo largo de un periodo predeterminado, para luego ser compensada.

“Con el paso del tiempo –prosigue Rogers– aumentará el precio de la electricidad por unidad, debido a que habrá un costo incremental en la adición de equipo para alcanzar la eficiencia; aunque ese costo sería inferior al costo incremental de sumar una nueva planta de generación de energía. Sin embargo, sus recibos deberían bajar en general, ya que su hogar sería más eficiente y usted consumiría menos electricidad”.

Una vez que esté funcionando un sistema de este tipo, agregó Rogers, “nuestros ingenieros despertarán cada día pensando en cómo exprimirle más ganancias en productividad a las nuevas tecnologías para la eficiencia energética, en vez de solo construir una red más grande de transmisión o distribución para cubrir la creciente demanda”. (¿Por qué no pensamos en incentivar a los fabricantes de automóviles estadounidenses de la misma forma, dándoles reducciones fiscales por ahorre-un-kilómetro?).

Es así como se produce una infraestructura a escala del uso más eficiente de la energía. “El acceso universal a la electricidad era una idea del siglo XX; actualmente, tiene que ser el acceso universal a la eficiencia energética, lo cual podría convertirnos en el país más productivo del mundo en cuanto a energía se refiere”, agregó.

Lograr todo lo anterior será muy complicado. No obstante, si Rogers y Carolina del Norte pueden hacerlo, sería la madre de todos los paradigmas de cambios radicales en la energía.

Via: El Universo


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lunes, septiembre 03, 2007

RENEWABLES: The ethanol dreams of George W. Bush, make corn a hot commodity

When Americans fire up their grills for late summer barbecues over the next few weeks, a cloud will be hanging over them in the form of higher prices for steak, chicken and ribs.

The reason can be found in the rapid rise in the cost of corn, which is used not only as food for animals that provide meat, but also as an important basic ingredient used in the production of ethanol in the US.

President George W. Bush unleashed the new popularity of ethanol when he set a goal to lower US dependence on foreign oil. The price of corn has shot up to nearly double 2005 levels in response to the increased demand.

 When Americans fire up their grills for late summer barbecues over the next few weeks, a cloud will be hanging over them in the form of higher prices for steak, chicken and ribs.  The reason can be found in the rapid rise in the cost of corn, which is used not only as food for animals that provide meat, but also as an important basic ingredient used in the production of ethanol in the US.  President George W. Bush unleashed the new popularity of ethanol when he set a goal to lower US dependence on foreign oil. The price of corn has shot up to nearly double 2005 levels in response to the increased demand.  It's no wonder that ethanol refineries are springing up like mushrooms, particularly in mid-western US corn belt states. As of May there were 120 corn refineries countrywide and 75 more were under construction.  The White House's fuel dreams are ambitious. In his State of the Union address in January, Bush set a goal of reducing petrol consumption in the car-loving country by 20 per cent in the next 10 years, largely by turning to ethanol and other alternative fuels.  Ethanol is already mixed in with gasoline, but it accounted for only around 3.5 percent of US fuel consumption last year. Reaching the goal of 15 per cent would require 133 billion litres.  Last year, one-fifth of US corn production was used for ethanol. That compares with 12 per cent two years earlier. Wheat and soybeans also cost more because land used to grow those crops is being turned over to grow corn.  'Anybody that knows anything about the marketing of the corn market knows that when you raise the price of corn you are going to create problems in all of the markets that use corn,' said Ronald Cotterill, director of the Food Marketing Policy Centre at the University of Connecticut, in the Washington Post.  Corn is used not only as feed for chickens, hogs and cattle, it is also used to make high-fructose corn syrup found in products such as cookies and soft drinks. US chocolate maker Hershey has lowered earnings projections because of higher milk costs, and corn flakes producer Kellogg's has raised the price of cereal.  The phenomenon of rising food prices is not limited to the US. Last year food prices rose worldwide about 10 per cent, largely due to more expensive corn, wheat and soybean oil, the International Monetary Fund said in a report early this year. A poor harvest and demand for biofuels in the US are the chief reasons.  Increased demand for biofuels is expected to continue pushing prices for corn and soybean oil higher, the IMF said in its prognosis.  In Mexico the result of higher prices for corn has been dramatic: corn tortillas, a staple of the Mexican diet for 50 million low-income people, suddenly cost double. The government has been forced to intervene with price controls.  Now there is evidence that ethanol made from corn, as it is in the US, is neither cheaper nor cleaner, the magazine Economist reported. The biofuel provides only about 1.5 units of energy for every one unit needed to produce it.  State subsidies lie somewhere between 5.5 billion and 7.3 billion dollars a year, according to the International Institute for Sustainable Development.  Ethanol made from sugar cane, by contrast, produces far more energy than is needed to grow it - an ouput-input ration of about 8-1 - the Economist said. Brazil is the main producer, but Washington has placed duty on the import of sugar cane-based ethanol.  'The US should trash its silly policy. If it stopped taxing good ethanol and subsidizing bad ethanol, the former would flourish, the latter would wither, the world would be greener and the US taxpayer would be richer,' the magazine recommended. It's no wonder that ethanol refineries are springing up like mushrooms, particularly in mid-western US corn belt states. As of May there were 120 corn refineries countrywide and 75 more were under construction.

The White House's fuel dreams are ambitious. In his State of the Union address in January, Bush set a goal of reducing petrol consumption in the car-loving country by 20 per cent in the next 10 years, largely by turning to ethanol and other alternative fuels.

Ethanol is already mixed in with gasoline, but it accounted for only around 3.5 percent of US fuel consumption last year. Reaching the goal of 15 per cent would require 133 billion litres.

Last year, one-fifth of US corn production was used for ethanol. That compares with 12 per cent two years earlier. Wheat and soybeans also cost more because land used to grow those crops is being turned over to grow corn.

'Anybody that knows anything about the marketing of the corn market knows that when you raise the price of corn you are going to create problems in all of the markets that use corn,' said Ronald Cotterill, director of the Food Marketing Policy Centre at the University of Connecticut, in the Washington Post.

Corn is used not only as feed for chickens, hogs and cattle, it is also used to make high-fructose corn syrup found in products such as cookies and soft drinks. US chocolate maker Hershey has lowered earnings projections because of higher milk costs, and corn flakes producer Kellogg's has raised the price of cereal.

The phenomenon of rising food prices is not limited to the US. Last year food prices rose worldwide about 10 per cent, largely due to more expensive corn, wheat and soybean oil, the International Monetary Fund said in a report early this year. A poor harvest and demand for biofuels in the US are the chief reasons.

Increased demand for biofuels is expected to continue pushing prices for corn and soybean oil higher, the IMF said in its prognosis.

In Mexico the result of higher prices for corn has been dramatic: corn tortillas, a staple of the Mexican diet for 50 million low-income people, suddenly cost double. The government has been forced to intervene with price controls.

Now there is evidence that ethanol made from corn, as it is in the US, is neither cheaper nor cleaner, the magazine Economist reported. The biofuel provides only about 1.5 units of energy for every one unit needed to produce it.

State subsidies lie somewhere between 5.5 billion and 7.3 billion dollars a year, according to the International Institute for Sustainable Development.

Ethanol made from sugar cane, by contrast, produces far more energy than is needed to grow it - an ouput-input ration of about 8-1 - the Economist said. Brazil is the main producer, but Washington has placed duty on the import of sugar cane-based ethanol.

'The US should trash its silly policy. If it stopped taxing good ethanol and subsidizing bad ethanol, the former would flourish, the latter would wither, the world would be greener and the US taxpayer would be richer,' the magazine recommended.

 When Americans fire up their grills for late summer barbecues over the next few weeks, a cloud will be hanging over them in the form of higher prices for steak, chicken and ribs.  The reason can be found in the rapid rise in the cost of corn, which is used not only as food for animals that provide meat, but also as an important basic ingredient used in the production of ethanol in the US.  President George W. Bush unleashed the new popularity of ethanol when he set a goal to lower US dependence on foreign oil. The price of corn has shot up to nearly double 2005 levels in response to the increased demand.  It's no wonder that ethanol refineries are springing up like mushrooms, particularly in mid-western US corn belt states. As of May there were 120 corn refineries countrywide and 75 more were under construction.  The White House's fuel dreams are ambitious. In his State of the Union address in January, Bush set a goal of reducing petrol consumption in the car-loving country by 20 per cent in the next 10 years, largely by turning to ethanol and other alternative fuels.  Ethanol is already mixed in with gasoline, but it accounted for only around 3.5 percent of US fuel consumption last year. Reaching the goal of 15 per cent would require 133 billion litres.  Last year, one-fifth of US corn production was used for ethanol. That compares with 12 per cent two years earlier. Wheat and soybeans also cost more because land used to grow those crops is being turned over to grow corn.  'Anybody that knows anything about the marketing of the corn market knows that when you raise the price of corn you are going to create problems in all of the markets that use corn,' said Ronald Cotterill, director of the Food Marketing Policy Centre at the University of Connecticut, in the Washington Post.  Corn is used not only as feed for chickens, hogs and cattle, it is also used to make high-fructose corn syrup found in products such as cookies and soft drinks. US chocolate maker Hershey has lowered earnings projections because of higher milk costs, and corn flakes producer Kellogg's has raised the price of cereal.  The phenomenon of rising food prices is not limited to the US. Last year food prices rose worldwide about 10 per cent, largely due to more expensive corn, wheat and soybean oil, the International Monetary Fund said in a report early this year. A poor harvest and demand for biofuels in the US are the chief reasons.  Increased demand for biofuels is expected to continue pushing prices for corn and soybean oil higher, the IMF said in its prognosis.  In Mexico the result of higher prices for corn has been dramatic: corn tortillas, a staple of the Mexican diet for 50 million low-income people, suddenly cost double. The government has been forced to intervene with price controls.  Now there is evidence that ethanol made from corn, as it is in the US, is neither cheaper nor cleaner, the magazine Economist reported. The biofuel provides only about 1.5 units of energy for every one unit needed to produce it.  State subsidies lie somewhere between 5.5 billion and 7.3 billion dollars a year, according to the International Institute for Sustainable Development.  Ethanol made from sugar cane, by contrast, produces far more energy than is needed to grow it - an ouput-input ration of about 8-1 - the Economist said. Brazil is the main producer, but Washington has placed duty on the import of sugar cane-based ethanol.  'The US should trash its silly policy. If it stopped taxing good ethanol and subsidizing bad ethanol, the former would flourish, the latter would wither, the world would be greener and the US taxpayer would be richer,' the magazine recommended.

Via: Monster & Critics News

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EUROPE: Austrian town blossoms with green energy, Dead-End

For decades, the Austrian town of Güssing was a forgotten outpost not far from the rusting barbed-wire border of the Iron Curtain.

Now it's at the edge of a greener frontier: alternative energy. Güssing is the first community in the European Union to cut carbon emissions by more than 90 percent, helping it attract a steady stream of scientists, politicians and eco-tourists.

"This was a dead-end town and now we're the center of attention," said Maria Hofer, a lifelong resident, as she bought organic vegetables at a farmer's market. "It seems like every week we read about new jobs from renewable energy."

Güssing's transformation started 15 years ago when, struggling to pay its electricity bill, the town ordered that all public buildings would stop using fossil fuels. Since then, Güssing has fostered a whole renewable energy industry, with 50 companies creating more than 1,000 jobs and producing heat, power and fuels from the sun, sawdust, corn and cooking oil.

Signs reading "Eco-Energy Land" greet people entering the town, located 130 kilometers, or 80 miles, southeast of Vienna. Visitors are as diverse as Scottish farmers, Japanese investors and a delegation from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.

"The town is combining growth in tourism revenue with being in the vanguard of environmental sustainability," said Bernard Snoy, who, as economic director at the Vienna-based OSCE, brought a group of 50 diplomats from 30 countries to Güssing in June.

Güssing used to rely on agriculture, with farmers selling their corn, sunflower oil and timber. As for tourism, the main attraction was a 12th-century castle built by Hungarian nobles.

The town could hardly afford its €6 million, or $8.1 million, fuel bill when Peter Vadasz was first elected mayor in 1992. The turnaround started after he hired Rheinhard Koch, an electrical engineer and Güssing native, to assess how the town of 4,000 people could benefit from its natural resources.

Today, Güssing generates 22 megawatt hours of power a year, including an 8 megawatt surplus that is sold to the national grid, said Koch, who now runs the European Center for Renewable Energy, based in the town and funded by Güssing, the EU and the Austrian government. Sales of excess power generate about €4.7 million in annual revenue and a €500,000 profit that is plowed back into alternative energy projects.

"Just to turn to renewable energy brought advantages we didn't dream of before," said Vadasz, a former schoolteacher. "A lot of money that left before, now stays in the region."

Güssing began building its energy network in 1992 with a wood-burning plant that provided heat for 27 homes. The second step was a facility that made car fuel from rapeseed. By 1996, Güssing had started to generate electricity and expanded its heating system to the whole town.

The breakthrough came in 1998, when Koch and Vadasz saw a presentation by a Viennese scientist, Hermann Hofbauer, about a technology he had developed to make an alternative fuel from wood.

They asked Hofbauer and Vienna's Technical University to build a pilot project. A local company later licensed the technology, which uses steam to separate carbon and hydrogen from scrap lumber, then recombines the molecules to make a form of natural gas. The gas in turn fuels the city's power plant.

Güssing has reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 93 percent from 1995 levels, according to the renewable energy center. Vaxjo, the Swedish town that won the EU's "Sustainable Community" award this year, has cut emissions by 25 percent during the past decade.

Former Vice President Al Gore last month called for 90 percent cuts worldwide by 2050.

The European Environment Agency, which tracks renewable energy projects in the 27-member EU, doesn't know of any other town that has achieved similar reductions in carbon emissions, said Brendan Killeen, a spokesman for the agency, which is based in Copenhagen.

Still, Güssing must protect the surrounding forest land to maintain its supply of renewable energy, said Raphael Rindler, a Franciscan priest who has preached in the town for four years. "People here take the forests for granted, the way people thought about oil 50 years ago," he said.

Rindler said he was more hopeful about the solar power that is scheduled to start being produced in Güssing next year when Solon AG Fuer Solartechnik of Germany finishes a €50 million plant.

Meanwhile, Güssing is preparing for more tourism, building new sidewalks and widening the road to include parking spaces.

Maria Hofer, Solon AG Fuer Solartechnik,eco-tourists, Brendan Killeen, Sustainable Community,European Center for Renewable Energy,Peter Vadasz, Al Gore, Rheinhard Koch, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Austria, Bernard Snoy,Germany,  Raphael Rindler,

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EUROPE: It to keep tariffs on light bulbs

European plans to lift tariffs on energy-saving light bulbs from China were put off for a year Wednesday as fears of Continental job losses prompted a protectionist backlash against Europe's top trade official, Peter Mandelson.

A split inside the European Commission led Mandelson to abandon proposals to end the duties of up to 66 percent this year in favor of a pledge to scrap the tariffs in 2008.

With European imports from China growing steadily, the dispute has become a part of the broader discussion about the impact of globalization and of the extent to which the 27-country European Union should use defensive trade measures.

But it also has repercussions for the EU's push to tackle climate change since the bloc wants to phase out the use of common incandescent light bulbs for domestic use within two years. European production can meet only 25 percent of demand for energy-saving bulbs, the commission estimates.

A senior European official, speaking on condition of anonymity, characterized the outcome as a compromise that averted a deep split with the commission, gave a clear decision to lift the duties but provided flexibility on timing.

After the hourlong discussion among the commissioners, Mandelson said: "The European Commission will recommend to member states that it is in the interest of the EU to remove these duties in the next year. This case has once again shown the complexities of managing anti-dumping rules in a global economy and against the broad range of EU interests."

The EU imposed the duties in 2001 and the 27 member countries must decide by mid-October whether to accept the commission's recommendation. At a meeting in July, Mandelson persuaded enough experts from EU member states to back a lifting of duties this autumn - despite German-led opposition.

Osram, a lighting manufacturer based in Germany, had called for the duties to remain in place.

The dispute has focused attention on the broader question of how to define the interests of European industry when so much production is being outsourced to China.

Osram, which produces fewer light bulbs in China than Philips of the Netherlands, had challenged the right of its rival to be considered as a European producer for such an anti-dumping case because of the quantity of its products manufactured in China.

That issue was not addressed by the decision Wednesday. But the commission is reviewing its trade defense strategy and drawing up a policy designed to deal with the complex issues raised by outsourcing of manufacturing to China.

Osram welcomed the announcement Wednesday, while Philips said it was disappointed that the termination of duties would delayed for a year.

The Foreign Trade Association, an umbrella group of European retailers and importers, said it was concerned that the light bulb tariffs might not be automatically lifted next year, even if the commission proposal is endorsed by EU countries.

"There is no guarantee that a further extension will not take place," said Stuart Newman, legal adviser to the association, who added that Osram or other companies might make further complaints next year that would have to be investigated.

Newman described the outcome as a "minor setback for Mandelson's support for free trade" and said the trade commissioner had faced internal opposition from Günter Verheugen, a German, who is the commissioner for industry. Verheugen previously supported a two-year extension of the duties.

"I understand there was political pressure from Verheugen and Barroso," Newman said, referring to José Manuel Barroso, president of the commission.

Osram said that the company "appreciates that our arguments regarding free trade and fair competition are being acknowledged by the European Union in the consultation."

Lourdes Catrain, a lawyer for Philips, estimated that the continuation of duties for a further year would cost the company €15 million to €20 million, or $20.5 million to $27.3 million.

Craig Burchell, head of international trade for Philips, said: "We acknowledge the fact that the commission has listened to Philips's arguments and decided to propose termination of the tariffs. But we are disappointed that they have not been terminated immediately because that is what the case merited.

"Free trade is about providing consumers with access and supplying the demand of European consumers," Burchell said. "In that sense the consumer has not won from this decision."

Johannes Laitenberger, chief spokesman for Barroso, said it was "a balanced decision following a proposal by the trade commissioner."

Laitenberger added, "The president's commitment to free, open and fair trade is well known." Ton van Lierop, spokesman for Verheugen, said the industry commissioner "thinks it is a good solution and is very satisfied."



Via: International Herald Tribune
By Stephen Castle

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