CLIMATE CHANGE: China and India called keys in climate change battle

If the world is going to truly combat greenhouse gas emissions, China and India have to be part of the fight, the chief economist for the Paris-based International Energy Agency said Tuesday. Fatih Birol told oil and gas executives at the Offshore Technology Conference in Houston that the economies of China and India are growing at such a pace that they'll keep needing more energy, much of it from coal. Even if Europe cuts emissions by 20 percent in the next dozen years as pledged, it won't be enough to overcome emissions anticipated to increase in the developing giants, he said.

But don't blame China, the bigger of the two, he said.

China's growth is "simply imitating" what developed countries have already done. Americans love their cars, and increasingly the Chinese do as well, driving most of the increase in that country's demand.

The nation is expected to overtake the U.S. in terms of car ownership in seven to eight years. And by 2030, 14 percent of Chinese will have cars, as opposed to 2 percent today.

By 2015, Birol said three countries will be key to denting climate change: China, India and the United States. Together they'll release half of the world's emissions, and without cooperation among them, he said, "we have no chance to make" a difference.

High oil prices no longer can be expected to shrink demand as it did during spikes in the past, when a vast majority of usage occurred in developed countries, Birol said. Growth in China, India and the Middle East more than offsets flat or shrinking demand in the U.S.

As prices have risen since 2004, global demand has risen alongside them. "Oil demand is much less responsive to high crude prices than in the past," he said.

Changing energy security
Amy Myers Jaffe, an energy analyst with Rice University's James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, said the run-up in oil prices has changed the nature of energy security, which once focused on protection against oil shocks.

After the 9/11 attacks, the term began referring more to dependence on oil regimes whose interests aren't necessarily U.S.-friendly. And government-run oil producers are flexing more muscle in terms of controlling their own resources in the high price environment.

Jaffe said she expected the world to increasingly rely on the Persian Gulf and unconventional oil, such as heavy bitumen from Canada's oil sands. Other unconventional sources include coal or natural gas turned to liquid, and oil found in shale.

However, while high oil prices make unconventional sources more economical to tap, they're also carbon-intensive to produce, Jaffe said.

"So climate security and energy security are not always two sides of the same coin," she said.

More coastal access
Randall Luthi, director of the Interior Department's Minerals Management Service, which oversees offshore U.S. production, said the security picture needs to include more access to U.S. areas currently off-limits — such as off the West and East coasts and the eastern Gulf of Mexico.

"We're so dependent on adequate, affordable energy," he said, noting that the federal government predicted in January that the average price for a gallon of regular unleaded gasoline would climb to $3.50 by this month. It reached $3.60 last week and now is expected to top $3.70 nationally by June.

Fossil fuel reliance
Despite growth in alternative and renewable fuels, the federal government and the International Energy Agency predict the vast majority of energy use to stem from fossil fuels through 2050. With that in mind, Luthi said, the only way to lower dependence on imports is to raise U.S. production.

In February the MMS opened the Chukchi Sea off Alaska's north coast for a lease sale. The agency received 667 bids on 488 tracts, and 292 leases have been issued. Companies that bought leases include ConocoPhillips, Italy's Eni, Spain's Repsol, Shell, and Norway's StatoilHydro.

"But the Gulf of Mexico remains the workhorse" of offshore U.S. production, and 85 percent of the nation's coastlines remain unavailable to the industry, he said.

Source: The Houston Chronicle|By KRISTEN HAYS

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UNITED KINGDOM: Ethical bank offers wind of change for green consumers

You are keen to play your part in tackling climate change and have a bit of money to invest. You are distrustful of some of the big financial institutions but would like to earn a decent return on your cash if possible.

If that sounds like you, then you may be interested to hear that Tuesday sees the launch of a public share issue aimed at raising £8.5m to invest in wind farms and other renewable energy projects across the country. Ethical bank Triodos is offering people the chance to become shareholders in Triodos Renewables, a public limited company which came into being 13 years ago as the Wind Fund. This is its fourth share issue - the last was in 2005.

Triodos Renewables invests mainly in small and medium-sized wind farms, hydroelectric schemes and emerging renewable energy technology companies in the UK. It owns and operates two wind farms, Caton Moor in Lancashire and Haverigg II in Cumbria, and two single turbines, Gulliver in Lowestoft, Suffolk, (recently out of action for a few months following lightning strikes) and Sigurd in the Orkney Islands. It also owns the Beochlich hydroelectric project in Argyll, Scotland, and it has a stake in Marine Current Turbines, a tidal energy company whose first commercial turbine will begin operating off the coast of Northern Ireland later this year, and is a partner in Connective Energy, which is developing ways to capture and re-use waste heat from industry.

Triodos Renewables plans to use the money raised by the new share issue to more than double the amount of green electricity it produces in the next two to three years. It is issuing up to 5.5m new shares at £1.65 per share.

A spokesman says an investment in the company's last share issue in 2005 would have returned 22.9%. It adds: "The directors believe the company can reasonably be expected to achieve or exceed this performance in the coming years."

But you need to be aware that this is a long-term investment in a single share, with all the risks that entails. You may not get back the full amount invested, and it may be hard to sell the shares, though Triodos runs a service to match sellers with buyers.

The minimum investment is £825 (500 shares). The spokesman says an investment of £2,970 "will produce renewable energy output equivalent to the average person's annual carbon footprint".
Triodos Renewables is managed by Bristol-based Triodos Bank, which is headquartered in the Netherlands and has more than 20,000 customers here.

Whatever you think about wind farms, we are probably going to see a lot more turbines springing up if Britain is to stand any chance of meeting its targets for renewable energy. But with all the variables at play - the unpredictability of planning decisions, rising steel prices and so on - investing in them may not be suitable for the faint-hearted. A less risky bet may be an ethical fund investing in lots of different companies.

Source: The Guardian| by Rupert Jones

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CLIMATE CHANGE: United Nations Kicks Off Global Warming Conference to Build New Climate Agreement

Faced with melting polar ice caps and worsening droughts, climate experts at a massive United Nations conference Monday urged quick action toward a new international pact stemming an increasingly destructive rise in world temperatures.

A key goal of the two-week conference, which opened with delegates from nearly 190 countries in attendance, will be to draw a skeptical United States into an agreement to cut emissions of carbon dioxide and other so-called greenhouse gases.

While the U.S. delegation declared it would not be a "roadblock" to a new agreement, Washington remains opposed to steps many other countries support, such as mandatory emissions cuts by rich nations and a target for limiting the rise in global temperatures.

The American position suffered a blow Monday when the new Australian prime minister signed papers to ratify the Kyoto Protocol climate pact. The move leaves the U.S. the world's top emitter of greenhouse gases as the sole industrial power not to have joined.

Conference leaders urged delegates to move quickly to combat climate change.

"The eyes of the world are upon you. There is a huge responsibility for Bali to deliver," said Yvo de Boer, the executive secretary of the conference. "The world now expects a quantum leap forward."

The conference kicked off amid growing global momentum for dramatic action to stop rising temperatures that scientists say could lead to swamping of coastal areas and islands by higher oceans, the wiping out of species, economic havoc and a spike in natural disasters such as storms, fires and droughts.

The Bali meeting will be the first major conference of its kind since former Vice President Al Gore due to arrive next week and a United Nations scientific council won the Nobel Peace Prize in October for their environmental work.

The immediate aim will be to launch negotiations toward a pact to replace the Kyoto Protocol when it expires in 2012, and set an agenda for the talks and a deadline. The United Nations says such an agreement should be concluded by 2009 in order to have a system in place in time.

Among the most contentious issues ahead will be whether emission cuts should be mandatory or voluntary. Also to be tackled will be to what extent up-and-coming economies like China and India will have to rein in their skyrocketing emissions, and how to help the world's poorest countries adapt to a worsening climate. The American delegation was clearly on the defensive in Bali, presenting a statement detailing the ways the U.S. is fighting global warming without submitting to mandatory emissions targets.

"We're not here to be a roadblock," insisted Harlan L. Watson, the senior U.S. climate negotiator. "We're committed to a successful conclusion, and we're going to work very constructively to make that happen."

Confronted with the scientific reports of the past year, the Bush administration has signaled a willingness to play a larger role in the negotiations, and U.N. officials agree they must craft a post-Kyoto framework that Washington will go along with. Australia abandoned the anti-Kyoto alliance with the U.S. on Monday, when new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signed the paperwork to ratify the pact. Delegates in Bali erupted in applause when Australia's delegate, Howard Bamsey, told the plenary that Canberra was jumping on board. Environmentalists at the conference cited what they saw as growing international momentum for tougher safeguards against global warming.

Even critics of the Bush administration pointed out that many individual states, such as California, were on the forefront of cutting emissions. "Despite the failure of the current president to take serious action on global warming, the political landscape in the United States is shifting dramatically in favor of mandatory limits on global warming pollution," said Alden Meyer of the Union of Concerned Scientists, citing upcoming action in the U.S. Congress. Trying to fend off charges that America is not doing enough, Bush said last week a final Energy Department report showed U.S. emissions of carbon dioxide, a leading greenhouse gas, declined by 1.5 percent last year while the economy grew.

Via: Associated Press|JOSEPH COLEMAN

Tags: Australia, Kyoto Protocol, china, United Nations, climate change, global warming, India

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CLIMATE CHANGE: IPCC report reinforces need for climate change action

The latest report from the UN’s climate change panel reiterates the need for concerted and urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Climate Change Minister David Parker says.

Fresh from sharing this year’s Nobel Peace Prize with former US vice-president Al Gore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has released its fourth and final 2007 report on global climate change.

David Parker welcomed the release of the global Synthesis Report in Valencia, Spain, which underlines findings released earlier this year and supports calls for urgent action.

The Minister said the information the IPCC produced made a clear case that governments can act and must act to avert dangerous climate change.

“It confirms the increasing pace of climate change, and the serious impacts we and the rest of the globe may face if we do not get greenhouse gas emissions under control.”

The report reiterates that with technologies that are available and affordable today, or that are currently being developed, New Zealand along with the rest of the world can cut emissions and avoid the worst of the projected impacts of climate change.

“In addition, a number of actions stand to deliver additional economic, environmental and health benefits. It confirms that it’s cheaper to take action on climate change than not. Even at the household level, simple steps can cut vehicle fuel and energy bills significantly, and improve people’s health while cutting emissions,” David Parker said.

In September the Government announced a policy package to tackle climate change – including an emissions trading scheme –that encompasses many of the measures the IPCC list as being effective and affordable. These include measures to put a price on carbon, increase the uptake of energy efficiency measures, develop more renewable energy and expand the use of biofuels.

“This Synthesis Report integrates and presents in a useful and readable way the enormous amounts of scientific information contained in the three volumes of the underlying reports, and allows us to see even more clearly the connections between our actions and the health of the planet.

“We all have a very real opportunity to take effective action on climate change and leave ourselves better off today, and in the long run,” David Parker concluded.

• The IPCC’s first report in February confirmed that climate change is happening and that it is very likely human activity is responsible for much of it in recent times.

• The second report in April painted a clear picture of climate change impacts that the world, including New Zealand, is already experiencing and those that it is very likely we will face from now on.

• The third report spelt out that practical and cost effective measures to reduce emissions are available.

Via: Scoop

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CLIMATE CHANGE: Gore discusses global warming in Mexico

Global warming isn't a popular topic in Mexican political circles, but Al Gore traveled to Mexico on Thursday night for the second time in two months because he has found a receptive audience in President Felipe Calderón.

Calderón wants Mexico to be a leader in confronting climate change, not just in Latin America but across the planet.

“Your president is saying and doing some important things,” Gore told nearly 5,000 people at a lecture hosted by Puebla's Benemerita University. “I have met with him. I have also met with opposition leaders, and I sense a growing political will here in Mexico.”

The former U.S. vice president, who will be in Tijuana this morning to present his global-warming program at the Autonomous University of Baja California, arrived at the Puebla auditorium in a caravan of environmentally friendly Honda hybrids.

Once onstage, Gore paced back and forth for 90 minutes, outlining his argument in a dry, professorial manner. He seemed at ease as he crusaded for the cause that some say has made him a contender for the Nobel Peace Prize, which will be announced Friday.

“We have a lot at stake, your country and mine,” he said.

Mexico made its mark on the study of climate change when Mexican scientist Mario Molina was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering how compounds used in refrigerants and aerosol sprays affect the depletion of the ozone layer.

Molina, a University of California San Diego professor of chemistry and biochemistry, has been a Gore adviser for more than 20 years. Now, Molina is also advising Calderón, who has set environmental protection as a priority of his administration.

Calderón met with Gore in July after seeing his Academy Award-winning documentary, “An Inconvenient Truth.” During that meeting at Mexico's White House, Gore told Calderón that Mexico “plays a pivotal role” in the world effort to control global warming.

“Mexico is a developing country that is handling this issue like a developed nation,” Environment Minister Juan Elvira said yesterday. “The lack of action on the part of other countries has not been an excuse for Mexico to stop working on the climate-change issue.”

Mexico faces massive environmental challenges. Its forests are disappearing at an alarming rate. Pemex, the national oil monopoly, is destroying agricultural land and fishing sites with spillage from pipelines.

But in Mexico City, once the world's most polluted metropolis, tougher environmental measures have helped clean up the air.

Mexico City Mayor Marcelo Ebrard, who also met with Gore in July, has launched his own green agenda.

His government is creating 10 bus lines aimed at reducing the number of cars and smoke-belching microbuses on city streets. Companies with more than 51 employees must now heat at least 30 percent of their water with solar power. The city government is buying paper, folders and pencils made from recycled products.

“We have learned our lesson,” said Oscar Vázquez, the city's director of climate change. “Mexico City still has pollution, but it does not compare with the levels we once had.”

This heightened concern about Mexico's environment is a major shift from 1974, when Molina published his startling discovery about the Earth's atmosphere.

“In the beginning, it was a very esoteric problem because we were talking about invisible gases and an invisible layer protecting us from invisible rays,” Molina said. “Fortunately, that has changed now. In general, people are much more environmentally conscious.”

But as Gore stood before his rapt audience in Puebla, he said people must do more.

“This is really not a political issue,” Gore said. “It is a moral issue. It is an ethical issue and a spiritual issue.

“Do we have an obligation to all those generations who come after us and who depend on us not to destroy their future? That is the question.”

Via: SignOnSanDiego |by By S. Lynne Walker
Al Gore,mexico,climate change,global warming,energyblog

CLIMATE CHANGE: interview with Thomas Bunge, Recalling the World's First Steps Toward Climate Protection

The passage of the Montreal ozone protocol 20 years ago was a milestone in international climate protection. DW-WORLD.DE spoke to Thomas Bunge, a member of the German delegation, who was part of the historic event.

Thomas Bunge represented Germany's Federal Environment Agency in drawing up the "Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" in September 1987. The lawyer is currently responsible for Environment and Spatial Planning at the agency.

DW-WORLD.DE: Why was the 1987 Montreal protocol so significant?

Thomas Bunge: That was the beginning of international regulations to protect the earth's atmosphere. Until then, there was only regulation of long-range, transnational air pollution. People tried for the first time to resolve a worldwide problem through international law, although in retrospect, the regulations then were certainly inadequate.

Can you briefly explain why they were inadequate?

The regulations agreed in 1987 were supposed to reduce the production and use of substances that damaged the ozone layer by a maximum of only up to 50 percent. But people very quickly noticed that that wasn't enough to effectively protect the ozone layer. In 1990, that is, a year after the regulations came into effect, the stipulations had already been tightened. The decision was made to entirely discontinue production and use by the year 2000. In 1994, the deadlines were again shortened. Thus people wanted, and still want, to relatively quickly achieve a full discontinuation of production, and also of use, of the substances. It's true that developing countries currently the still have the right to produce and use the substances in small amounts. But relatively soon the use and the production will be discontinued worldwide.

Can you describe how things came about? How is such a compromise reached?

As is normally the case in the realm of international law, there are specific working groups for the individual application areas one aims to regulate. The building blocks for such an international treaty are worked out in the groups. The individual building blocks must then be voted on and approved in the plenum. That is, as in all cases, a compromise between the interests that the individual states represent at these conferences, of course. The whole thing was fleshed out with science and the scientific results available up until the signing in 1987 were included. The interests of the individual states and the scientific results were then put in relation. That led to a compromise with which one was at the time not particularly happy.

Can you provide an example of a practical problem that had to be overcome? Did particular countries block movement?

It was several blocks of states. The European Union comprised its own negotiation block. Of course, that was significantly fewer states than today. There was a so-called "Toronto Group" of states. They represented the Scandinavian states, Canada, Australia and Switzerland. This group with Australia and New Zealand, which would have been affected the soonest by the consequences of the hole in the ozone layer -- and then was affected -- wanted to pass very wide-reaching regulations. On the other side, there was an array of industrial countries that produced these substances. They were naturally interested in continuing production or being able to produce appropriate substitutes.

How was the atmosphere among the conference participants on Sept. 16, 1987, when the protocol was passed?

People were pleased that a compromise had been reached. But we had already seen that the rules weren't sufficient for the next 20, 30, 40 years. We recognized that the progressive states also had had to swallow some bitter pills. But in retrospect, it was a success, of course, to very quickly bring very many countries on board on trade regulations that envisaged limitations on trade with countries that weren't party to the treaty. In this way, one had a model for the negotiations on climate regulations that started relatively soon thereafter.

Via| DW News |by Martin Hoffman
climate change,European Union,New Zealand,Montreal ozone protocol,Canada,Australia,Switzerland,energyblog

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CLIMATE CHANGE: European Union to Help Poor Nations Fight Global Warming

The European Commission is setting up a Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) with developing countries, which foresees integrating the tackling of climate change into poverty reduction strategies.

The European Commission this week announced the creation of a fund to help developing nations battle climate change, putting in 50 million euros ($69 million) itself to kick it off.

Louis Michel, EU Commissioner for Development and Humanitarian Aid, proposed the global alliance to help developing nations deal with and adapt to the effects of climate change.

"We need to maintain structured dialogue on tackling the effects of climate change," he said. "And we have to prepare developing nations for future natural disasters."

With global warming affecting many sectors, the EU is keen to integrate "climate proofing" into poverty reduction efforts in order to ensure sustainability.

Increasingly frequent, increasingly deadly

According to the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), the number of natural disasters recorded since 1900 is on the rise, as is the number of people affected by such disasters since 1975.

From tsunamis in Asia, hurricanes in central and North America to earthquakes in Pakistan, floods in India and famine in Africa, natural disasters have become increasingly frequent and increasingly deadly in recent years. Seven of the 10 worst disasters of the last 20 years occurred between 2000 and 2006.

Moreover, the EU Commission is concerned that the effects of global warming are felt first and foremost by the poor and vulnerable in developing countries. Responsible for just a small percentage of global pollution themselves, they nonetheless feel the immediate effects of ecological degradation caused by industrialized and emerging nations.

While most affected by global warming, these countries also have the least capacity to deal with climate change.

"Developing countries will be the hardest hit by the effects of climate change and therefore need our help to mitigate climate change and to adapt to the changes already occurring," said this week's Commission statement.

Financing a high-tech battle
The Global Climate Chance Alliance seeks to cut emissions from deforestation -- a major contributor to rising greenhouse gas levels -- and help developing countries take advantage of the global carbon market.

The commission will also fund dams and intelligent irrigation systems in order to minimize damage caused by flooding. Early warning systems for hurricanes and disaster protection program will also get financing.

Brussels expects the battle against global warming to be a high-tech one.

"New technology is only one way of developing towards a sustainable society without hampering development and quality of life," said the commission statement.

With 50 million euros already earmarked for the launch of the alliance, Michel said it could handle up to 300 million euros between 2008 and 2010.

"It's just a start," he said. "More money is clearly needed. Other resources are necessary to respond to the scale of the needs," he added, calling on EU member states to boosts the funds.

Via|DW News
European Union,climate change,global warming,co2,energyblog

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CLIMATE CHANGE: Extreme climate, extreme politics !

“How are our children going to survive in a land that is dead?” asked a survivor of the wildfires that seared much of southern Greece during the last week of August. Six thousand homes and four million olive trees burned, half the forests of Greece gone, and sixty-four people dead is a huge loss, and in the carbonized landscapes of the Peleponnese it is hard to imagine that people will ever live there again. But what nobody saw coming was the political fallout: this may be the first time that a government falls because of climate change.

When the centre-right government of Costas Karamanlis called an early election last month after only three years in office, it had a comfortable lead in the opinion polls and was cruising towards a certain victory. The fires changed all that, shaking people’s trust in the competence not just of the government but of the established parties in general. In the last published opinion polls (Greek law bans polls in the last two weeks before the September 16 election), neither Karamanlis’s New Democracy nor the centre-left opposition party, PASOK, had even forty percent of the vote.

The beneficiaries were the extreme right Laos party, a normally marginal group preaching nationalism, hatred of immigrants and Orthodox Christianity (its posters urge all Greeks to unite as “one fist”), and the equally fringe party of the hard left called Syriza. Neither party is represented in the present parliament, since they could not clear the legal threshold of three percent of the popular vote.

They are both very likely to be in the next parliament -- and if the two major parties end up more or less tied, as seems probable, extremists of one sort or another will be able to extort a high political price in return for agreeing to support a coalition government.

Obviously, we can’t just extrapolate from this single example and say that climate disasters lead to a polarization and radicalization of politics, but this is a phenomenon that warrants attention. After a week like the Greeks had, there was bound to be a political reaction, but does it mean anything for other places?

First of all, were these fires really caused by climate change? After all, there were fires of a similar scale in Greece about a century ago, and of course the land did turn green again after a few years. But uncontrollable “megafires” are ceasing to be once-in-a-century events. Another one burned about a quarter of the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands this summer.

There have been comparable megafires in the past few years in France, Portugal, Canada, Russia, Indonesia, South Africa and Brazil. In the United States, where a forest fire that burned more than 5,000 acres (2,000 hectares) was relatively rare twenty years ago, in the past decade there have been more than 200 megafires that burned at least ten times that area. Six of the past ten years have seen the previous U.S. record for the amount of land devastated by forest fires broken.

If this isn’t climate change in full costume dress, it is certainly its first cousin. Temperatures in Greece this summer hit 46 degrees C (115 degrees F), unheard of even ten years ago. In a Mediterranean climate where almost all the rain falls in the winter, this virtually guaranteed massive forest fires.

There is a prima facie case for seeing this as a manifestation of climate change -- so what about the political reaction in Greece? It has been ugly on every side.

Karamanlis’s government, having made few preparations for coping with massive fires despite the speed with which the problem has grown in recent years, was slow to respond to the crisis, and then tried to shift the blame for its failures by claiming that the fires were set by arsonists, saboteurs and terrorists. Its spokesmen rambled on about “asymmetrical terrorist threats” and an “organized plan” to destabilize the country, but those Greeks paranoid enough to believe such claptrap did not forgive the New Democrats for their sins. Instead, they promptly shifted their votes to the extremists who promised to “crack down hard” on something or other.

It hardly matters what they crack down on. Minorities and immigrants are usually favored by the far right, which will probably be the main beneficiary of these events in Greece, but it’s pure symbolism, so the actual target doesn’t matter. Any outsider or foreigner will do.

Now envisage a world where climate change is really hitting hard. The Mississippi delta, various Pacific islands and a good deal of Bangladesh are disappearing beneath the waves. The Amazon is burning, the monsoon has failed for the third successive year in the Indian subcontinent, and Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey are turning into deserts. Will people and governments be sweetly reasonable, seeking collaborative ways to cope with a shared international disaster?

Sure they will. Just as soon as they have shot down all the flying pigs.

Via|Teheran Times | By Gwynne Dyer
climate change,France,United States,Portugal,Canada,Russia,Indonesia,South Africa,brasil,energyblog

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REPORT: Review of the greenhouse gas inventory of Austria [.pdf]

This report covers the in-country review of the 2006 greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory submission of Austria, coordinated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) secretariat, in accordance with decision 19/CP.8.

The review took place from 12 to 17 February 2007 in Vienna, Austria, and was conducted by the following team of nominated experts from the roster of experts: generalist – Mr. Mario Contaldi (Italy); energy – Mr. Francis Yamba (Zambia); industrial processes – Ms. Lisa Hanle (USA); agriculture – Mr. Vitor Gois (Portugal); land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) – Mr. Xiaoquan Zhang (China); waste – Mr. Sabin Guendehou (Benin). Mr. Mario Contaldi and Mr. Francis Yamba were the lead reviewers.

The review was coordinated by Ms. Astrid Olsson and Mr. Sergey Kononov (UNFCCC secretariat).

CONTENTS

I. OVERVIEW
A. Introduction
B. Inventory submission and other sources of information
C. Emission profiles and trends
D. Key categories
E. Main findings
F. Cross-cutting issues
G. Areas for further improvement
II. ENERGY
A. Sector overview
B. Reference and sectorial approaches
C. Key categories
D. Non-key categories
III. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND SOLVENT AND OTHER
PRODUCT USE
A. Sector overview
B. Key categories
C. Non-key categories
IV. AGRICULTURE
A. Sector overview
B. Key categories
C. Non-key categories
V. LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
A. Sector overview
B. Key categories
C. Non-key categories
VI. WASTE
A. Sector overview
B. Key categories
C. Non-key categories
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

[full] TO FREE DOWNLOAD -->

Blogalaxia : Energia,
Sostenibilidad y
Tecnologia

Technorati: UNFCCC, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, China, Climate Change, Global Warming, United Nations, .pdf, bajaenergyblog

JAPON: Toyota inventa un coche híbrido que se carga con un enchufe

El número uno mundial automovilístico, la firma japonesa Toyota, ha anunciado que dentro de poco probará en las rutas del archipiélago un prototipo de coche híbrido que se recarga en una simple toma de corriente eléctrica.

Toyota, pionero de los motores híbridos que funcionan a la vez con combustible y electricidad, asegura haber obtenido una primicia mundial.

El prototipo, que puede trasladar a cinco personas, está equipado con una batería de níquel híbrida. Se carga de la misma manera que un ordenador portátil, en una simple toma de corriente de eléctrica. La duración de la carga es de una hora y media en una alimentación de 200 voltios, o de unas tres horas y media en 100 voltios.

Este automóvil está concebido para utilizar electricidad solo en trayectos breves (12 kilómetros), a una velocidad máxima de 100 km/h, gracias a un motor 100% eléctrico de 1.449,6 cm3. El motor a gasolina, que permite una velocidad superior, sería utilizado para largas distancias.

Contra la contaminación atmosférica
"Aunque aún hay muchos desafíos por superar en el desarrollo de vehículos enteramente eléctricos, Toyota ve en los modelos híbridos recargables una técnica prometedora para hacer de la electricidad una fuente de energía viable en el sector automovilístico", ha destacado el fabricante en un comunicado.

"Los coches híbridos recargables en una toma de corriente son una manera de luchar contra la contaminación atmosférica y el calentamiento climático", ha dicho por su parte el ministerio de Transporte, que autorizó los ensayos del prototipo en las rutas japonesas.

Toyota fue el primer fabricante mundial que comercializó en 1997 un coche híbrido para el gran público, el Prius, cuya batería se recarga vía un generador interno, que consume combustible. Los modelos recargables en una toma de corriente son en principio menos caros para los usuarios.

Toyota franqueó en junio el umbral del millón de vehículos híbridos vendidos desde 1997. Tiene la ambición de vender un millón por año a partir del 2010.

Via: El Periodico

Blogalaxia Tags: Energia,
Sostenibilidad y
Tecnologia

NEW ZEALAND: Renewable energy 10 times cheaper

Cost of renewable energy 10 times cheaper than ‘business as usual’ fossil-fuelled future, says breakthrough report Savings of US $180 billion per year predicted in first global analysis of renewable energy versus fossil fuels

Amsterdam/Brussels, 6th July 2007: Investing in a renewable electricity future will save 10 times the fuel costs of a ‘business as usual’ fossil-fuelled scenario, saving $180 billion USD annually and cut CO2 emissions in half by 2030, according to a joint report by Greenpeace and the European Renewable Energy
Council (EREC) released today. (1)

In the first global analysis of its kind, “Future Investment - A sustainable Investment Plan for the power sector to save the Climate’, demonstrates a powerful economic argument for a shift in global investments towards renewable energy (including solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and bio energy), within the next 23 years, and away from dangerous coal and nuclear power. The report gives the financial rationale for Greenpeace’s "Energy [R]evolution," a blueprint for how to cut global CO2 emissions by 50% by 2050, while maintaining global economic growth (2).

"As Live Earth mobilises billions of people to take urgent action against the climate threat, our report shows not only that the world’s electricity needs can be met by renewable energy, but that by doing so, we will literally save trillions of dollars; a massive US $180 billion a year, forever” said Sven Teske, Greenpeace International, Energy Expert .

“In sharp contrast, a ‘business as usual’ approach casts a dark cloud over our future. Its 10,000 new fossil fuel power plants, would increase global CO2 emissions by over 50%, and more than double fuel costs; there is no way of putting a price on the disastrous results
this will have for environment and humanity.”

The Energy [R]evolution needs an extra global annual inventment of $22 billion in clean and renewable power plants on top of current expenditure. The fuel cost savings in the scenario, of up to $202 billion per year, means this will pay for itself ten times over. Meanwhile, converting the massive subsidies of $250 billion a year that coal and gas receive to clean, safe renewable energy will cover the costs of the energy [r]evolution and much more.

According to EREC the global market for wind turbines was worth some €18 billion in 2006, and the total renewable industry $50 billion. Under an energy [r]evolution scenario, the renewable energy would be worth a massive $ 288 billion by 2030.

“The renewable industry is willing and able to deliver the power plants the world needs, we simply need the right climate and energy policy. Decisions made in the next few years, will continue to have an impact in 2050. Only if a renewable energy path is taken, can we avoid the worst excesses of climate change!” said Oliver Schäfer, EREC policy director.

The report stresses the urgent need for decisive action now. In the next decade, many existing power plants will need replacing, and emerging economies such as China, India and Brazil are rapidly building new energy infrastructure.

A copy of “Future Investment - A sustainable Investment Plan for the power sector to save the Climate’ is available at http://www.greenpeace.org/energy-revolution-financing.

Notes

1. The Energy [R]evolution Scenario is a real alternative to the IEA´s world energy outlook, and the only practical blueprint for how to cut global energy related CO2 emission by 50% by 2050 to avoid dangerous climate change, while maintaining global economic growth. You can download it at: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/press/reports/energy-revolution-a-sustainab
2. With no change in energy policy, utilities will invest in more than 10,000 new fossil fuel power plants until 2030 worldwide. To supply those coal and gas fired power plants with fuel will add up between today and 2030 to US$18,6 trillion, compared to US$13,1 trillion in the Energy [R]evolution Scenario. This means fuel costs in the Energy [R]evolution Scenario are already 30% lower in the year 2030, by 2050, they are more than 70% lower.
   

Via: Scoop

Tags: renewable energy, greenpeace, climate change, EREC, china, india, brasil, co2, European Renewable Energy Council

CLIMATE CHANGE: China presenta su propio plan contra el cambio climático!

China, segundo contaminador del planeta por detrás de EEUU, ha presentado su primer plan para luchar contra el cambio climático, que no fija compromisos concretos de reducción de las emisiones de CO2 aunque se compromete a controlarlas.

“China no considera aceptable que se impongan a los países en desarrollo compromisos en reducción de emisiones, pero se fija la meta de reducir el consumo energético un 20% en 2010, lo que disminuirá su emisión de gases de efecto invernadero”, dijo Ma Kai, presidente del máximo organismo planificador del país.

El esperado plan de la Comisión Nacional de Desarrollo y Reforma, que recoge objetivos ya anunciados y delinea medidas para lograrlos, se presentó dos días antes de la Cumbre del G8 en Alemania, a la que asistirá el presidente Hu Jintao y que abordará el cambio climático como asunto principal.

Ma reconoció que China desplazará a EEUU como principal emisor de CO2 del mundo (en 2008, según la Agencia Internacional de la Energía) aunque, dijo, el nivel per cápita de emisiones seguirá siendo “sólo una quinta parte del estadounidense”.

Pekín, dijo, está comprometido con cambiar su actual modelo de crecimiento por uno más sostenible con mayor peso de las energías renovables, nuevas variedades de cosechas resistentes a la sequía y más superficies forestales.

Sobre la última propuesta para luchar contra el cambio climático del presidente de EEUU, George W. Bush, Ma consideró que, aunque supone “un cambio positivo de actitud”, debe ser complementaria al Protocolo de Kioto (no firmado por Washington) y la Convención de la ONU sobre Cambio Climático (UNFCCC).

“Además, debería incluir el principio de Kioto de responsabilidad compartida pero diferente entre los países en desarrollo y desarrollados”, dijo.

Insistió también el responsable en que China necesita “urgentemente” la transferencia de tecnología de los países desarrollados para combatir el cambio climático y adaptarse a él.

“No hemos visto demasiada acción en la ayuda financiera y técnica a los países en desarrollo (como establece el Protocolo de Kioto). Esperamos que los países industrializados cumplan sus obligaciones y den ese apoyo”, afirmó.

Además, advirtió de que las compañías extranjeras que invierten en industrias de alto consumo energético en China son también responsables de las emisiones del país.

Según Ma, la propuesta de la UE para evitar que la temperatura global se eleve en más de 2 grados respecto a 2000 y para ello reducir las emisiones de CO2 en un 50% en el horizonte de 2050 “es prueba de prueba esfuerzos pero la cifra carece de base científica y requiere más estudio”.

El nuevo plan chino apuntala la posición defendida por Pekín de que los países desarrollados y sus 200 años de industrialización son los principales causantes del calentamiento global, por lo que tienen la “responsabilidad básica” de reducir las emisiones.

“La comunidad internacional debería respetar el derecho de los países en desarrollo a modernizarse e industrializarse”, dijo Ma.

Según los últimos datos disponibles, China emitió en 2004 el equivalente a 6.100 millones de toneladas de CO2, el 75 por ciento procedentes de la combustión de energías fósiles, como el carbón y el petróleo.

NOTIVER

Blogalaxia Tags: Energia,
Sostenibilidad y
Tecnologia

CLIMATE CHANGE: China fija plan contra cambio climático; rechaza ser “amenaza” al medio ambiente

China presentó este lunes un plan nacional para reducir los efectos de la emisión de gases con efecto invernadero, con lo que se convirtió en el primer país en vías de desarrollo que emite un proyecto contra el cambio climático global.

El denominado Programa Nacional Contra el Cambio Climático fue presentado, en rueda de prensa, por el responsable de la Comisión Estatal de Desarrollo y Reforma, Ma Kai, quien destacó el compromiso de China en la protección del medio ambiente.

"El plan es una muestra de la determinación de China de reducir la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero", afirmó el funcionario chino, de acuerdo con un reporte de la agencia oficial de noticias Xinhua.

Pese a que el histórico proyecto no establece objetivos cuantitativos sobre la reducción de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono, Ma Kai dijo que ello no significa que China no esté preocupada en el asunto y que no esté comprometida a tomar acciones.

El proyecto busca acabar con las críticas de países industrializados que presionan a China para que reduzca sus emisiones de dióxido de carbono, pese a ser ajeno al Protocolo de Kyoto, el cual fija obligaciones sólo a naciones desarrolladas.

"Si todos los objetivos del programa se alcanzan, el país más poblado del mundo emitirá mil 500 toneladas de dióxido de carbono menos en 2010 al mismo tiempo que mantendrá su crecimiento económico de doble dígito", destacó la agencia de noticias china.

Ma Kai dijo también que el plan es una medida preventiva para proteger el medio ambiente global y no sólo porque el gigante asiático sea una "amenaza", como lo ha señalado la Agencia Internacional de Energía (AIE) en sus más recientes reportes.

"No veo cómo China puede ser considerada una amenaza. En comparación con los países industrializados, hasta hace poco, China ha registrado emisiones bajas y todavía siguen siendo relativamente bajas en términos de emisiones per capita", destacó.

Aseguró que el crecimiento de la economía china provoca menores aumentos de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono que en otros países desarrollados. "Este tipo de ideas son exageradas e injustas", reiteró Ma.

En 2004, abundó, las emisiones de dióxido de carbono per cápita de China se situaron en 3.65 toneladas, cuando la media mundial fue de 4.20 toneladas y la de los países en vías de desarrollo llegó a 10.95 toneladas.

El funcionario chino explicó que el crecimiento de 1.0 por ciento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) genera un aumento de 0.6 por ciento de las emisiones en otras naciones, mientras que en China la cifra se sitúa sólo en 0.38 por ciento.

"Incluso si China supera un día a Estados Unidos en el total de emisiones de dióxido de carbono, dado que la población es cinco veces mayor, las emisiones per cápita continuarán siendo más bajas".

El ministro pidió un método más objetivo para evaluar las emisiones de dióxido de carbono y señaló que la globalización ha desplazado una importante parte de la producción a los países en desarrollo, lo que ha aumentado su consumo energético.

"No queremos seguir el ejemplo de los países desarrollados, que contaminaron primero y buscaron una solución después. Pero merecemos una evaluación más objetiva de nuestros esfuerzos contra el cambio climático", subrayó.

El plan de acción, de 62 páginas, detalla las medidas que tomará China para mitigar y adaptarse al cambio climático y será presentado a la comunidad internacional por el presidente Hu Jianto en la Cumbre del Grupo de los Ocho (G-8) de esta semana en Alemania.

La Jornada

EUROPE: El BEI lanza el primer 'Bono con conciencia climática', destinado a "empresas medioambientalmente responsables"

El 100% del producto de la venta de los fondos, que distribuirá BBVA, se destinará a sectores clave para la protección del clima.

El Banco Europeo de Inversiones (BEI) acaba de lanzar el primer 'Bono con conciencia climática' --distribuido principalmente por BBVA a partir del 29 de mayo-- que sólo se concederá a aquellas empresas que sean respetuosas con el Medio Ambiente, ya que contribuirá a financiar iniciativas relacionadas con la protección del clima.

El bono --que ofrece un reembolso mínimo del 105% a su vencimiento, dentro de cinco años-- permite a los inversores la posibilidad de reducir la capacidad de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, al comprar y cancelar derechos de emisión de CO2 "de forma sencilla y transparente".

Asimismo, los inversores podrán participar en la rentabilidad de un nuevo índice de renta variable, el 'FTSE4Good Environmental Leaders Europe 40 Index', creado por FTSE y compuesto por las 40 compañías "más respetuosas con el Medio Ambiente" en Europa.

En este sentido, el director de Inversión Responsable de FTSE Group, Will Oulton, destacó que "este nuevo índice innovador atraerá a una amplia gama de inversores institucionales y particulares que desean minimizar el riesgo medioambiental de sus carteras, sacar partido de los beneficios de una gestión medioambiental sólida, invertir solo en empresas con mejores prácticas de gestión medioambiental y alentar activamente la responsabilidad de las empresas".

ENERGIAS RENOVABLES Y EFICIENCIA ENERGETICA
Asimismo, el cien por cien del producto de la venta de los fondos se destinará a sectores clave para la protección del clima, en su mayoría proyectos relacionados con las energías renovables y la eficiencia energética. El BEI se encargará de seleccionar estos proyectos, que se desarrollarán principalmente en la Unión Europea, que ha fijado para el año 2020 una serie de objetivos relacionados con el cambio climático.

El director general de Finanzas del BEI, Bertrand de Mazières, recordó que, con esta iniciativa, "el BEI invita a los inversores y a la comunidad bancaria a sumarse a este esfuerzo, subrayando aún más su compromiso con la promoción de los objetivos de la UE, que ha asumido un rol de liderazgo en la lucha contra el cambio climático".

BBVA, Barclays Capital, NBG y Natixis son los co-líderes de la emisión, mientras que los co-directores serán Dexia Capital Markets, ING Wholesale Banking y UBS Investment Bank.

La iniciativa ha sido acogida con satisfacción entre las empresas. Así, el director general de Dresdner Kleinwort, Pierre Blandin, destacó que este proyecto "combina diversas características únicas que demuestran una vez más la excepcional capacidad de innovación del BEI en los mercados financieros".

Por su parte, el director general y de distribución mayorista de la Región EMEA de Merrill Lynch, Andrea Podesta, subrayó que el bono "ofrece una ganancia potencial ligada a la rentabilidad de las compañías europeas más respetuosas con el Medio Ambiente, un principal protegido con la seguridad de la calificación AAA del BEI y un rendimiento mínimo del 5% a su vencimiento".

Asimismo, el director general de Mercados de Deuda de UniCredit Markets & Investment Banking, Vittorio Ricci, señaló que este tipo de iniciativas "contribuye" a la eliminación de barreras regionales entre los mercados financieros de la UE para ofrecer a los inversores las ventajas de la integración europea. Esta puede servir a objetivos muy importantes; en este caso, a la protección del clima y el desarrollo sostenible".

En los últimos cinco años, el BEI ha financiado proyectos de energías renovables por valor de más de 2.200 millones de euros. Para el periodo 2007-2009, esta institución ha puesto en marcha el 'Plan Operativo Empresarial' que establece un objetivo anual de 600-800 millones de euros en préstamos para proyectos de energías renovables.

EN LINEA CON LA UE
Esta estrategia coincide con el anuncio, a principios de año, de la Comisión Europea, que propuso que la UE recorte sus emisiones de efecto invernadero un 20% de aquí a 2020 respecto a los niveles de 1990 para mantener su papel de liderazgo en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Este objetivo unilateral sería mantenido por los Veintisiete incluso aunque no se alcance un acuerdo a nivel internacional similar para el periodo posterior a 2012, fecha en la que vence el protocolo de Kioto.

El Ejecutivo comunitario propuso también un objetivo obligatorio en 2020 del 20% en la cuota de las energías renovables sobre el conjunto de la generación energética de la UE, que abarca los tres sectores renovables: electricidad, biofuel y calefacción y refrigeración. A ello se suma un objetivo mínimo del 20% para el biofuel. A ello se sumará un incremento del 50% en los fondos de la UE para la investigación en energía durante los próximos 7 años.

Bruselas reiteró su objetivo de ahorrar un 20% del consumo energético de la UE en 2020 a través de un estricto plan de eficiencia. Si se logra esta meta, los Veintisiete usarían en 2020 aproximadamente un 13% de energía menos que hoy, y ahorrarían 100.000 millones de euros y 780 toneladas de CO2 cada año.

Invertia

Blogalaxia Tags: Energia,
Sostenibilidad y
Tecnologia

CLIMATE CHANGE: Democrats Urge Bush Not to Weaken the G-8 Climate Declaration

Blogalaxia Tags: G8,Sostenibilidad,Cambio Climatico

by Jim Efstathiou Jr. and Tina Seeley

Democratic leaders in Congress are urging President George W. Bush not to weaken a Group of Eight declaration on climate change.

The Bush administration wants the G-8 to scrap some targets for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions and remove language stressing the need for urgent action from the group's proposed statement on climate change, according to a draft copy of the statement.

``We are writing to urge you to reverse course and strengthen the G-8 declaration,'' the chairmen of 15 committees in the House of Representatives said in a letter to Bush today. ``The U.S. must no longer delay action to address this major threat.''

Bush has resisted calls from companies, scientists and fellow world leaders to support mandatory limits on greenhouse- gas emissions, arguing that it would harm the economy. Instead, he has called for voluntary reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Earlier this week, Bush ordered his administration to set new fuel-economy standards for cars by the year's end and encourage increased use of alternative fuels in a bid to curb greenhouse gases.

Most of the world's scientists say pollution from vehicles, power plants and other human activity is causing earth's temperatures and sea levels to rise and threatens to lead to large-scale, irreversible climate shifts disruptive to ecosystems and economies worldwide, according to scientists.

``The scientific consensus tells us that it's too late to avoid some warming, but we still have time to prevent dangerous warming,'' says the letter to Bush from 15 lawmakers including House Oversight Committee Chairman Henry Waxman.

Meeting in June
The G-8 draft document, dated last month, includes portions that the U.S. has requested be deleted when a final version is released at the end of the G-8 summit taking place June 6-8 in Heiligendamm, Germany.

Items the U.S. wants deleted include a reference to limiting global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), targets for a reduction of greenhouse gases to half of 1990 levels by 2050, and language that says tackling climate change is an ``imperative not a choice.''

The European Union has made limiting warming to below 2 degrees Celsius one of its main environmental targets, with steep cuts in greenhouse gas emissions required to achieve it. The U.S. has requested the removal from the draft of a paragraph that states a temperature increase of more than 2 degrees Celsius from before industrialization will result in ``largely unmanageable'' risks.

Top Priority
The Democratic lawmakers said that preventing global temperatures from rising more than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit ``must be a top priority.''

The House and Senate have pledged to come up with climate bills later this year.

``Support is growing for aggressive legislation to cap global warming pollution and cut it dramatically over the coming decades,'' the letter from Democratic lawmakers says. ``But we need an executive branch that engages the rest of the world to solve the problem rather than stubbornly ignoring it.''

The Bush administration doesn't comment on private negotiations, said Kristen Hellmer, a spokeswoman for the White House Council on Environmental Quality.

``The U.S. continues to work with its G-8 partners and the developing world on how to identify new technologies that will help the whole world address climate change,'' she said.

Bush in 2001 rejected the Kyoto Protocol, the only international treaty that sets specific targets for emissions reductions.

Binding Protocol
The protocol binds 35 nations and the EU to cut emissions by 5.2 percent from 1990 levels by 2012. No targets have yet been set for a successor agreement after 2012, though governments are to meet at a United Nations conference in December in Indonesia to discuss actions to fight global warming.

The draft G-8 document calls for ``a clear message on the further development of the international regime to combat climate change'' to be delivered at the UN conference, another passage the U.S. wants deleted.

Bloomberg

CLIMATE CHANGE: The cleantech investing: Cashing In On Climate Change

by Charles Morand (AltEnergyStocks)

Just as I was attending a debate this morning that touched, partly, on the desirability of implementing an emissions trading system to control greenhouse gas emissions, I received an email from Market Watch informing me that they were running a special report on climate change and cleantech investing.

The report features a very interesting collection of articles indeed. If you have about a half hour to spare, I would recommend going through all of them. The following topics are covered:

a) Global warning and the insurance industry

b) Al Gore and David Blood's investment venture

c) The weather derivatives market (as we have pointed out before, this is an area that is sure to see some healthy growth in the years ahead)

d) Carbon finance and emissions trading (the article opines that carbon trading could represent one of the biggest earners for energy desks within a few years)

e) Whether or not the current popularity of alt. energy stocks is just a fad.

f) A look at cleantech funds and ETFs from a personal finance perspective.

Nothing particularly groundbreaking for anyone who follows this space closely, but it's always interesting, in my view, to keep up with cleantech investing reports in the popular press.

One thing I've noticed - such reports are becoming increasingly sophisticated, and I think the public at large is getting a much better understanding of the opportunities and pitfalls associated with cleantech investing.

What's the implication of this? It should become a lot more difficult, in the years ahead, to find cheaply-priced cleantech gems.

SeekingAlpha

Blogalaxia Tags: Energia,
Sostenibilidad y
Tecnologia

CLIMATE CHANGE: Multinacionales discuten estrategias contra el cambio climático en Boston

El cambio climático es ahora una oportunidad para los responsables de las compañías para actuar en favor de la reducción de las emisiones y la innovación de nuevas estrategias.

Con este objetivo, los principales líderes de las multinacionales más importantes se reunirán los próximos 6 y 7 de junio en Boston (Estados Unidos), para debatir las estrategias y pasos a seguir para luchar contra el cambio climático, según informa la publicación especializada 'Ethical Corporation'.

Según todos los expertos, las regulaciones en las emisiones de dióxido de carbono "son sólo una cuestión de tiempo". El desarrollo de las estrategias en materia de Medio Ambiente "son básicas para cualquier compañía que quiera crecer en las próximas décadas".

El encuentro reunirá a la comunidad empresarial y servirá de debate para compartir distintas visiones sobre cómo las compañías pueden adaptarse al cambio climático. La conferencia proporcionará los recursos necesarios para cualquier compañía que quiera crecer con éxito en un futuro donde el petróleo perderá su hegemonía.

Entre otros temas, se abordarán las estrategias y políticas de comunicación, y las soluciones en materia de innovación.

Algunos de los participantes que ya han confirmado su asistencia son representantes de HP, Intel, Citigroup, Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, Stonyfield Farms, Interface, y Sun Microsystems, entre otros.

RTU Noticias

Blogalaxia Tags: Energia,
Sostenibilidad y
Tecnologia